Propriedades Químicas e Farmacológicas do Gênero Copaifera no Tratamento de Lesões/feridas: Revisão Integrativa / Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Copaifera in the Treatment of Injuries/wounds: Integrative Review / Propiedades Químicas y Farmacológicas del Género Copaifera en el Tratamiento de Lesiones/heridas: Revisión Integradora

Objetivo:Identificar propriedades químicas e farmacológicas do gênero Copaifera no tratamento de lesões e feridas. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Taylor & Francis e Scopus, em janeiro de 2022, por meio da estratégia de busca: "Chemical Properties" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries" e "Pharmacology" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries". Foram incluídos artigos originais, de texto completo, identificados de acordo nível de evidência, redigidos em português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: Na busca primária foram encontrados 261 artigos. Após a seleção sistematizada, 12 estudos foram selecionados para análise qualitativa. Espécies do gênero Copaifera apresentam propriedades farmacológicas favoráveis ao tratamento de feridas: controle da dor inflamatória, diminuição da reação inflamatória, reepitelização e reparo tecidual, angiogênese, retração da ferida e remodelagem de cicatrizes. Dentre as propriedades químicas associadas ao tratamento de lesões, destacam-se presença de compostos bioativos: diterpenos, 3-hidroxi-copálico, sesquiterpenos, éster kolavic-15-metílico. Entre os diterpenos testados, o caurenoico e os ácidos copálicos mostraram atividades hemolíticas significativas. Apenas o ácido copálico e o ácido hardwíckiico inibiram a produção de óxido nítrico em macrófagos ativados por lipopolissacarídeos. Conclusão: As plantas do gênero Copaifera apresentam propriedades químicas e farmacológicas favoráveis ao tratamento de lesões e feridas

Objective:To identify chemical and pharmacological properties of Copaifera in the treatment of injuries and wounds. Method: Integrative literature review conducted in the LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Taylor & Francis and Scopus databases in January 2022, using the search strategy: "Chemical Properties" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries" and "Pharmacology" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries." Original articles, full text, identified according to level of evidence, written in Portuguese, English or Spanish, were included. Results: In the primary search 261 articles were found. After systematized selection, 12 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. Species of the genus Copaifera have pharmacological properties favorable for wound treatment: control of inflammatory pain, reduction of inflammatory reaction, tissue reepithelialization and repair, angiogenesis, wound retraction and scar remodeling. Among the chemical properties associated with the treatment of injuries, the presence of bioactive compounds stand out: diterpenes, 3-hydroxy-copalic, sesquiterpenes, kolavic-15-methyl ester. Among the tested diterpenes, kaurenoic and copalic acids showed significant hemolytic activities. Only copalic acid and hardwickiic acid inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Conclusion: Plants of the genus Copaifera have chemical and pharmacological properties favorable for the treatment of injuries and wounds.

Objetivo:Identificar las propiedades químicas y farmacológicas del género Copaifera en el tratamiento de lesiones y heridas. Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Taylor & Francis y Scopus, en enero de 2022, mediante la estrategia de búsqueda: "Chemical Properties" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries" e "Pharmacology" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries". Se incluyeron artículos originales, a texto completo, identificados según el nivel de evidencia, escritos en portugués, inglés o español. Resultados: En la búsqueda primaria se encontraron 261 artículos. Tras una selección sistematizada, se seleccionaron 12 estudios para el análisis cualitativo. Las especies del género Copaifera presentan propiedades farmacológicas favorables para el tratamiento de las enfermedades: control del dolor inflamatorio, disminución de la reacción inflamatoria, reepitelización y reparación tecidual, angiogénesis, retracción de la piel y remodelación de las cicatrices. Entre las propiedades químicas asociadas al tratamiento de las lesiones, destaca la presencia de compuestos bioactivos: diterpenos, 3-hidroxicopálico, sesquiterpenos, éster kolavico-15-metilo. Entre los diterpenos probados, los ácidos kaurenoico y copálico mostraron actividades hemolíticas significativas. Sólo el ácido copálico y el ácido hardwickiico inhibieron la producción de óxido nítrico en macrófagos activados por lipopolisacáridos. Conclusión: Las plantas del género Copaifera presentan propiedades químicas y farmacológicas favorables para el tratamiento de lesiones y heridas.

Antiulcerogenic effects of selected African nightshades (Solanum nigrum Linn. ) genotypes on the rat stomach: a morphologic and morphometric study / Efectos antiulcerogénicos de genotipos seleccionados de solanáceas Africanas (Solanum nigrum Linn. m) en el estómago de ratas: un estudio morfológico y morfométrico

Solanum nigrum (SLN), commonly known as African nightshade, is used as a vegetable as well as in the management and treatment of various ailments including gastric ulcers. We analyzed, both grossly and microscopically using H&E, Masson's trichrome and PSA staining methods, the protective effects of aqueous leaf extracts of three Kenyan SLN genotypes namely S. scabrum (SSB), S. sarrachoides (SSR) and S. villosum (SVL) on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. There was evidence of gastro-protection by all the three genotypes with the SSB showing the highest ulcer inhibition score (76.37 %) followed by SSR (72.51 %) and SVL (63.30 %). SLN-pretreated rats showed less areas of gastric mucosal surface erosion. Additionally in the pretreated animals, the depth of the ulcers were markedly reduced, reaching only the gastric pit region except in those treated with SVL where the ulcers penetrated slightly more deeply to affect the gastric glands. Compared with controls, the mean microscopic ulcer index decreased 5.07, 3.55 and 2.37-fold in rats pretreated with SSB, SSR and SVL extracts respectively. Results of this work show extracts of the three SLN genotypes to have antiulcerogenic potential but at varied strengths, thus confirming earlier reports that phytoconstituents and hence the efficacy of a medicinal plant may be influenced by genetic factors.

Solanum nigrum (SLN), comúnmente conocida como la solanácea africana, se usa como vegetal, para el tratamiento de diversas dolencias incluyendo las úlceras gástricas. Analizamos de forma macro y microscópica, de forma macroscópica y microscópica, utilizando para ello tinciones de H&E, tricrómico de Masson y PSA los efectos protectores de extractos acuosos de hojas de tres genotipos SLN de Kenia: S. scabrum (SSB), S. sarrachoides (SSR) and S. villosum (SVL) en lesiones gástricas inducidas por etanol en ratas. Hubo evidencia de gastroprotección por parte de los tres genotipos con el SSB mostrando el puntaje más alto de inhibición de la úlcera (76,37 %) seguido de SSR (72,51 %) y SVL (63,30 %). Las ratas tratadas previamente con SLN mostraron menos áreas de erosión de la superficie de la mucosa gástrica. Además, en los animales pretratados, la profundidad de las úlceras se redujo notablemente, llegando solo a la región del fondo gástrico, excepto en aquellos tratados con SVL donde las úlceras penetraron un poco más profundamente para afectar las glándulas gástricas. En comparación con los controles, el índice medio de úlcera microscópica disminuyó 5,07, 3,55 y 2,37 veces en ratas pretratadas con extractos de SSB, SSR y SVL, respectivamente. Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que los extractos de los tres genotipos de SLN tienen potencial antiulcerogénico en diferentes concentraciones, lo que confirma informes anteriores que los fitoconstituyentes y la eficacia de una planta medicinal pueden estar influenciados por factores genéticos.

Prescription to reduce heart palpitations, a mid-18th century prescription in the New Kingdom of Granada / Formulación para reducir las palpitaciones cardiacas, una receta médica de mediados del siglo xviii en el Nuevo Reino de Granada

Abstract The human being, throughout history, has used plants to prevent and cure diseases. It is important to know that for a long time, the mechanism through which those plants worked was unknown, making herbal medicine a purely empirical science. Medical prescriptions in the 19th century in the Kingdom of Nueva Granada were considered a significant medical advance as a result of knowledge and medical practices in the old continent. Medical literature of the time achieved, despite the lack of studies, the development of new schemes with exact dosages and new therapeutic possibilities. The medical prescription presented in this article was used in the management of heart palpitations, a frequent symptom nowadays, described as thoracic and/or neck beating, underlying various cardiac and non-cardiac diseases. The recipe for the palpitations of the historical archive "Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María" is a mixture of herbal agents that, as reviewed in the medical literature, showed to have anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and antioxidant effects, among others, allowing a beneficial effect on cardiac palpitations. Due to the lack of information on the posology, safety in its use, contraindications, and possible adverse effects, its potential use should have been underestimated at that time for the control of palpitations or as phytochemical agents directed to treat diseases causing this symptom.

Resumen A lo largo de la historia, el ser humano ha utilizado plantas para prevenir, aliviar y curar enfermedades. Cabe destacar que durante mucho tiempo se desconoció el mecanismo por el cual su uso era beneficioso, lo que hacía de la fitoterapia una ciencia netamente empírica. Las recetas médicas eran consideradas un avance médico significativo, resultado de conocimientos y prácticas traídas desde el viejo continente. Pese a la carencia de estudios locales, la literatura médica de la época permitió utilizar la biodiversidad de América para el desarrollo, investigación y uso de nuevos esquemas fitoterapéuticos con dosificaciones establecidas e indicaciones de uso, incluso un lugar específico de dispensación, ampliando aún más las posibilidades terapéuticas. La receta médica que se expone en este artículo era empleada en el manejo de las palpitaciones cardiacas, síntoma frecuente aún en la actualidad, descrito como golpes en tórax y/o cuello, subyacente en diversas enfermedades cardiacas y no cardiacas. La receta para las palpitaciones del archivo histórico Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María es una mezcla de agentes herbarios que, al realizar una revisión en la literatura médica, evidencian efectos antiinflamatorios, ansiolíticos y antioxidantes entre otros, sustentando un posible efecto beneficioso en las palpitaciones cardiacas. Debido a la ausencia de información sobre la posología, seguridad en su uso, contraindicaciones y posibles efectos adversos, es subestimado su potencial uso en aquel entonces para el control de las palpitaciones o como unos agentes fitoquímicos dirigidos para tratar enfermedades causantes de dicho síntoma.

Evaluation of wound healing effect of alginate film containing Aloe vera gel and cross-linked with zinc chloride

Abstract Purpose To develop a new wound dressing composed of alginate and Aloe vera gel and cross-linked with zinc ions. Methods The aloe-alginate film was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), swelling profile, mechanical properties, polysaccharide content and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thirty Wistar rats were divided in two groups a) treated with aloe-alginate film and b) control (treated with sterile gauze). Wound contraction measurements and hystological analysis were performed on 7th, 14th and 21st days after wound surgery. Results The aloe-alginate film presented adequated mechanical resistance and malleability for application as wound dressing. There was no statistical difference in wound contraction between two groups. Histological assay demonstrated that aloe-alginate film presented anti-inflammatory activity, stimulated angiogenesis on proliferative phase and a more significant increased in collagen type I fibers and decreased type III fibers which promoted a mature scar formation when compared to control. Conclusions The aloe-alginate film showed adequate physicochemical characteristics for wound dressing applications. The in vivo assay demonstrated that aloe-alginate film enhanced the healing process of incisional skin wounds.

Anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects of extract from the seed of Gossypium herbaceum L. in Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits

Anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects of seed of Gossypium herbaceum L [GH] and its aqueous and ethanol extracts were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Normal, Alloxan-induced diabetic and treated groups of rabbit were examined for their serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine and urea levels. Water/food intake and toxic effect of test substances were also observed in treated rabbits. Effect of test agents on architecture of pancreatic beta-cells was evaluated histopathologically in rabbits. GH powder, its aqueous [GHA] and ethanol [GHE] extract significantly [P<0.05] reduced normoglycemia, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and urea in a dose dependent order [200-300 mg/kg of body weight] in normal rabbits. GH and GHE ameliorated completely the Alloxan effect on serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine and urea in Alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. GHA and Glimepiride [a reference drug] partially blocked such effect of the Alloxan in treated rabbits. Further GH, GHA and GHE did not cause any change in food/water intakes and on liver, spleen, kidney, lung and heart in treated rabbits. Phytochemical study of GH and its extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Histopathological examination showed the protective effect of GH, GHA and GHE against Alloxan-induced destruction of beta-cells of pancreas in diabetic rabbits. Data indicated that GH and its aqueous and ethanol extracts have promising anti-diabetic and hypolipidemic effects. GH and GHE could be effective tool against the development, progression and complication of Diabetes mellitus

Efectividad de repelentes comerciales disponibles contra el mosquito Aedes aegypti (L ) en Yucatán, México / Effectiveness of commercial repellents against Aedes aegypti (L ) in Yucatan, México

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de repelentes comerciales disponibles en Yucatán contra el mosquito Aedes aegypti, vector del dengue, Chikungunya y Zika. Material y métodos: Se determinó el tiempo de protección con base en el protocolo WHO/CTD/WHOPES/IC y la NOM-032-SSA2-2014. Resultados: Sólo el repelente con DEET (N, N-dietil-3-metilbenzamida) al 25% cumplió con la protección recomendada. La eficacia fue directamente proporcional a la concentración del DEET; aquéllos con componentes botánicos fueron poco o nada protectores. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que los repelentes con DEET proveen protección contra Ae. Aegypti; los repelentes botánicos, incluyendo las pulseras impregnadas, ofrecen nula protección.

Abstract: Objective: We assessed the efficacy of commercial repellents available in Yucatan against Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. Materials and methods: Protection time was determined based on WHO/CTD/ WHOPES/IC y la NOM-032-SSA2-20I4. Results: Products with DEET (N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) at 25% met the recommended protection. Efficacy was directly proportional to the concentration of DEET; botanicals repellents resulted no protective. Conclusions: Repellents with DEET provided more protection against Ae. aegypti and botanical repellents, including impregnated wristbands, provided no protection.

Bioatividade de três extratos de plantas no controle do Z abrotes subfasciatus (Boh) / Bioactividad de tres extractos de plantas en el control de Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh) / Bioactivity three plant extracts in control of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.)

Introdução: o conhecimento dos efeitos indesejáveis do uso de inseticidas químicos, associados à preocupação dos consumidores quanto à qualidade dos alimentos, têm exigido estudos sobre novas técnicas de controle das pragas de armazenamento, incluindo-se a utilização de produtos naturais que são menos agressivos ao ambiente, sendo exigido na produção orgânica e na agricultura familiar. Objetivo: avaliar a bioatividade inseticida de extratos vegetais em pó e hidroalcoólicos de Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Mart.), Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) e Licania rígida (Benth), a partir de folhas e casca do caule de cada espécie sobre a repelência/atratividade e mortalidade do Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.). Métodos: as plantas foram coletadas no sertão paraibano de Patos - PB e, os insetos de uma população pertencente ao Laboratório de Armazenamento e Processamento de Produtos Agrícolas / Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, mantidos em uma massa de feijão em estufa climática sob temperatura controlada. Resultados: constatou-se repelência do Z. subfasciatus a todos os extratos, com destaque para o extrato de L. rigida casca em que o Z. subfasciatus foi repelido em 82,49 por cento, seguidos do A. pyrifolium (78,88 por cento) e A. colubrina (77,49 por cento); o contrário deu-se com o extrato da L. rigida folhas que atraiu os insetos adultos em 40,29 por cento, constatando que os extratos cascas foram superiores aos extratos folhas. Em relação à mortalidade do inseto não se constatou diferença para os extratos das folhas e cascas, no tempo de 24 h, de A. pyrifolium e L. rigida, mas, para o A. colubrina folhas houve efeitos mais eficientes para mortalidade. Conclusão: os extratos foram eficientes no controle do Z. subfasciatus, em que o extrato A. pyrifolium casca se destaca na bioatividade matando em 100 por cento os insetos(AU)

Introducción: el conocimiento de los efectos adversos del uso de insecticidas químicos, asociado a las preocupaciones de los consumidores sobre la calidad de los alimentos, han requerido estudios sobre nuevas técnicas para el control de plagas de almacén, incluye, el uso de productos naturales que son menos dañinos, son exigido en la producción orgánica. Objetivo: evaluar la bioactividad de extractos de plantas con insecticidas hidroalcohólico y polvo de las hojas y la corteza del tallo de las especies Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Mart.), Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) y Licania rígido (Benth) en la repelencia/atractivo y mortalidad del Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.). Métodos: las plantas fueron recolectadas en tierras del interior de Paraíba (Patos ­ PB) y los insectos de una población pertenecientes al Laboratório de Armazenamento e Processamento de Produtos Agrícolas / Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, mantenidos en una masa de frijoles dentro de una cámara climática a temperatura controlada. Resultados: los adultos de Z. subfasciatus fueron repelidos por todos los extractos, empleados, a donde el extecto de la orteza de L. rígida repelio el Z. subfasciatus en 82,49 por ciento, seguido por A. pyrifolium (78,88 por ciento) y A. colubrina (77,49 por ciento); lo opuesto se dio con el extracto de las hojas de L. rígida que atrajeron a los insectos adultos en 40,29 por ciento, se examino, que los extractos de cáscara fueron superiores a los extractos de las hojas. En cuanto a la mortalidad del insecto no se encuentra diferencia para los extractos de las hojas y la corteza, en el tiempo de 24 h, de A. pyrifolium y L. rigida, pero para A. colubrina hojas, hubo efecto más significativo de mortalidad. Conclusión: los extractos fueron eficientes en el control del Z. subfasciatus, donde el extracto de la corteza de A. pyrifolium se destaca en la bioactividad, matando 100% los insectos(AU)

Introduction: the knowledge of the adverse effects of the use of chemical insecticides, associated to consumer concerns regarding to the quality of food, have required studies on new techniques for control of storage pests, including the use of natural products that are less aggressive to the environment, being required in organic production and family farming. Objective: evaluate the insecticidal bioactivity of powder plant extracts and hydroalcoholic of Aspidosperma pyrifolium (Mart.) , Anadenanthera colubrine (Vell.) and rigid Licania (Benth) from leaves and stem bark of each species on the repellency / attractiveness and mortality of the Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.). Methods: the plants were collected in backlands of Paraiba state, Patos - PB and the insects of a population belonging to Laboratório de Armazenamento e Processamento de Produtos Agrícolas / Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, kept in a mass of beans in a chamber under controlled temperature. Results: it was verified repellency of Z. subfasciatus to all extracts, highlighting the extract of rigid L. from bark in which the Z. subfasciatus was repulsed at 82.49 percent, followed by A. pyrifolium (78.88 percent) and A. colubrina (77.49 percent); the opposite happened with the extract of rigid L. from leaves which attracted the adult insects in 40.29 percent, noting that bark extracts were superior to the leaf extracts. In relation to mortality of the insect, is not observed difference for the extracts of the leaves and barks, in the time of 24h, of Apyrifolium and rigid L., but for A. colubrina from leaves there was more efficient effects for mortality. Conclusion: the extracts were efficient in the control of Z. subfasciatus in which the A. pyrifolium extract from bark stands out in the bioactivity killing 100 percent of the insects(AU)

Study on the effect of black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) on experimental renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) pre-treatment on renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced injury in the rats.METHODS: A total of 40 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five equal groups including Sham, I/R model and three I/R+ Black cumin (0.5, 1 and 2%)-treated groups. I/R groups' kidneys were subjected to 60 min of global ischemia at 37°C followed by 24 h of reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion period, the rats were euthanized. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities as well as reduced glutathione and renal malondialdehyde contents were determined in renal tissues. Kidney function tests and histopathological examination were also performed.RESULTS: High serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid as well as malondialhehyde (MDA) levels, and low antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in I/R rats compared to the sham rats. Pre-treatment with Black cumin for three weeks prior to IR operation improved renal function and reduced I/R induced renal inflammation and oxidative injury. These biochemical observations were supported by histopathological test of kidney sections.CONCLUSION:Black cumin significantly prevented renal ischemia/reperfusion induced functional and histological injuries.

Evaluation of immunostimulatory activity of Chyawanprash using in vitro assays.

Chyawanprash is an ayurvedic formulation used in Indian traditional medicinal system for its beneficial effect on human health. We investigated the immunostimulatory effects of Chyawanprash (CHY) using in vitro assays evaluating the secretion of cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1-alpha (MIP-1-α) from murine bone marrow derived Dendritic Cells (DC) which play pivotal role in immunostimulation. The effects of CHY on phagocytosis in murine macrophages (RAW264.7) and Natural Killer (NK) cell activity were also investigated. At non-cytotoxic concentrations (20–500 µg/ml), CHY enhanced the secretion of all the three cytokines from DC. CHY also stimulated both, macrophage (RAW264.7) as well as NK cell activity, in vitro. In conclusion, the data substantiates the immunoprotective role of CHY at cellular level mediated by immunostimulation in key immune cells viz. dendritic Cells, macrophages and NK cells.

Evaluación del efecto de la Lepidium meyenii “Maca” en la mucosa gástrica en pacientes con dispepsia funcional / Assesing the effect of Lepidium meyenii “Maca” on the gastric mucosa in patients with functional dyspepsia

Objetivo: Determinar el efecto que tiene Lepidium meyenii “Maca” en la histología de la mucosa gástrica en pacientes con dispepsia funcional. Material y métodos: Serie de casos realizado en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia en la que se evaluó el efecto de la Maca administrada por cuatro semanas 3 gramos por día en la histopatología gástrica de pacientes con diagnóstico clínico y endoscópico de dispepsia funcional. Se evaluó el grado y la profundidad de la inflamación en la lámina propia y el efecto sobre la presencia de H. pylori (en aquellos que tenían la infección), a través de biopsias obtenidas antes y después del tratamiento. Resultados: Se reclutaron 29 pacientes con dispepsia funcional entre el 2010 y 2012. Las biopsias antes y después del tratamiento, revisadas por un solo patólogo, no demostraron cambios significativos en los parámetros histológicos, ni tuvo efecto en la erradicación del H. pylori. Conclusiones: La Maca no produce cambios significativos en la mucosa gástrica ni tiene efecto en la erradicación del H. pylori al ser brindada por cuatro semanas a pacientes con dispepsia funcional.

Objective: The present study was designed to determine the histological effect of Lepidium meyenii “Maca” on the gastric mucosa in patients with functional dyspepsia. Material and methods: This study consists of a clinical case series, in which the effect of Maca on the gastric histopathology of 29 Peruvian patients diagnosed with functional dyspepsia was examined. The presence of H. pylori, as well as the degree and depth of the gastric mucosa inflammation was evaluated from biopsies obtained before and after the treatment based solely of Maca 3 grams per day for four weeks. Results: Average values of the degree and depth of mucosal inflammation before and after the treatment were compared showing no statistical difference among the samples. Sixteen patients were infected with H. pylori, and they remained infected after the treatment with Maca. Conclusions: A four week long treatment with Maca does not produce significant changes on gastric mucosa of patients with functional dyspepsia, neither on H. pylori eradication.

Effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roots of Ferula gummosa Boiss. on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Ferula gummosa Boiss. [Barije.] contain medical and antimicrobial properties. This study was done to determine the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roots of Ferula gummosa Boiss. on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this laboratory study, the plant was dried in dark place and aqueous, alcoholic extracts of Barije's root, powder were prepared using Soxhlet method. The efficacy of 0.1 dilution of different values of extracts of Ferula gummosa Boiss. on the strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa [PTCC 1430] were evaluated by disk diffusion, Agar-well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] and minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC] methods. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely resistant to the aqueous extract, and the MIC for the methanol and ethanol extracts was 1.25x10[4] microg/ml and 6.25x10[3] microg/ml, respectively. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts of Ferula gummosa Boiss. have antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in in-vitro model

Preventive effect of Ligularia fischeri on inhibition of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264. 7 macrophages depending on cooking method

BACKGROUND: Ligularia fischeri (common name Gomchwi) is known for its pharmaceutical properties and used in the treatment of jaundice, scarlet-fever, rheumatoidal arthritis, and hepatic diseases; however, little is known about its anti-inflammatory effect. In this study the influence of blanching and pan-frying on the anti-inflammatory activity of Ligularia fischeri (LF) was evaluated. RESULTS: Fresh LF and cooked LF showed no significant effect on the viability of macrophages after 24 h incubation. Fresh LF was found to be the most potent inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) production at 100 µg/ml, while pan-fried LF showed little inhibitory effect on lipoloysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine machrophage RAW264.7 cells. In contrast with its effect on NO production, pan-fried LF showed significant attenuation of the expression of inducible nitiric oxide synthase (iNOS) compared with fresh LF. In the cooking method of LF, PGE2 production was not affected in the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, pretreatment by fresh and cooked LF increased COX2 mRNA expression. The 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid content of blanching and pan-frying LF increased by 4.92 and 9.7 fold with blanching and pan-frying respectively in comparison with uncooked LF. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the cooking method, Ligularia fischeri exhibited potent inhibition of NO production through expression of iNOS in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells.

Effects of DA-9701, a Novel Prokinetic Agent, on Phosphorylated Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Expression in the Dorsal Root Ganglion and Spinal Cord Induced by Colorectal Distension in Rats

BACKGROUND/AIMS: DA-9701, a standardized extract of Pharbitis Semen and Corydalis Tuber, is a new prokinetic agent that exhibits an analgesic effect on the abdomen. We investigated whether DA-9701 affects visceral pain induced by colorectal distension (CRD) in rats. METHODS: A total of 21 rats were divided into three groups: group A (no CRD+no drug), group B (CRD+no drug), and group C (CRD+DA-9701). Expression of pain-related factors, substance P (SP), c-fos, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord was determined by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting. RESULTS: The proportions of neurons in the DRG and spinal cord expressing SP, c-fos, and p-ERK were higher in group B than in group A. In the group C, the proportion of neurons in the DRG and spinal cord expressing p-ERK was lower than that in group B. Western blot results for p-ERK in the spinal cord indicated a higher level of expression in group B than in group A and a lower level of expression in group C than in group B. CONCLUSIONS: DA-9701 may decrease visceral pain via the downregulation of p-ERK in the DRG and spinal cord.

Comparación de los efectos antibacterianos de aseos bucales con matrica, Persica® y gluconato de clorhexidina en pacientes de UCI con ventilación mecánica: ensayo clínico doble ciego y aleatorio / Comparison of the antibacterial effects of matrica & PersicaTM and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: a double blind randomized clinical trial

Background:Accumulation of bacteria in the pharynx is one of the risk factors of pneumonia due to ventilation. One of the methods of prevention from accumulation of bacteria in the pharynx is the use of oral solutions. Chlorhexidine is considered as the gold standard, but it has various side effects. Aim:Present study was aimed to determine and compare anti-bacterial effects of the chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2%, herbal mouthwash of Matrica® (chamomile extracts) 10%, PersicaTM 10% and normal saline in intensive care unit patients. Methods:In this double blind randomized clinical trial, 80 patients who were admitted in ICU divided into four groups of 20 patients each one. Researchers applied PersicaTM to group one, chlorhexidine gluconate mouth wash 0.2% to group two and third group received Matrica, finally in the control group, normal saline were used. In order to culturing of Staphylococcus aureusand S. pneumoniae,salivary samples were obtained without any stimulation after six minimums oral rinsing. The data were processed in SPSS17 software and analyzed by appropriate statistical tests. Results:Decreased rate of bacterial colonies after intervention in the whole four groups was significant (p < 0.001). The mouth wash of chlorhexidine (p < 0.001), PersicaTM (p: 0.008) and Matrica (p: 0.01) had a significant antibacterial effect on S. aureusand S. pneumoniae(p < 0.001). Conclusion:Herbal oral mouthwash of persica and matrica has the effect on S. pneumoniae and S. aureusof oropharynx area in mechanically ventilated patients. However, there is a need for further research to be considered as an alternative to chlorhexidine for prevention of VALP in ICU patients.

Introducción:La presencia y acumulación de bacterias en la cavidad oral es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica. Uno de los métodos para prevenir esta acumulación en la faringe es el uso de soluciones orales. Al respecto, clorhexidina es considerada el estándar de oro, pero tiene varios efectos colaterales. Objetivo:Determinar y comparar el efecto antibacteriano de gluconato de chorhexidina al 0,2%, aseo bucal con preparado en base a hierba matrica (extracto de chamomile) al 10%, Persica® al 10% y solución salina fisiológica (NaCl 9%0) en pacientes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos ingresados para ventilación mecánica. Métodos:Ensayo doble ciego, randomizado, sobre 80 pacientes ingresados en UCI, divididos en cuatro grupos de 20 miembros cada uno. El grupo I recibió Persica®, el grupo II aseo bucal con gluconato de clorhexidina al 0,2%, el grupo III recibió matrica y, finalmente, el grupo IV-control recibió solución salina fisiológica. Con la finalidad de cultivar Staphylococcus aureus yS. pneumoniae,se obtuvieron muestras de saliva sin efectuar estímulo alguno tras un mínimo de seis lavados bucales. Los datos fueron procesados en el software SPSS17 y analizados por tests estadísticos apropiados. Resultados:La disminución en el recuento de colonias bacterianas, después de la intervención, fue significativa en los cuatro grupos (p < 0,001). El aseo bucal con clorhexidina (p < 0,001), Persica® (p: 0,008) y matrica (p: 0,01) tuvo un significativo efecto antibacteriano sobre las especies S. aureusy S. pneumoniae(p < 0,001). Conclusión:El aseo bucal con solución en base a hierbas de Persica® y matrica tiene un efecto sobre S. pneumoniae y S. aureusde la cavidad oral en pacientes en régimen de ventilación mecánica. No obstante, se requiere de mayores estudios para considerarlo una alternativa a clorhexidina para la prevención de neumonías en pacientes de UCI.

Efectos de la yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) en los niveles plasmáticos de glucosa, lípidos, urea y creatinina de ratas Wistar / Effects of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in the plasma levels of glucose, lipids, urea and creatinine of Wistar rats

INTRODUCCIÓN: La yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) es un vegetal nativo de las regiones subtropicales de Sudamérica utilizada en la preparación de infusiones que se beben en ciertos países de la región. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los efectos de extractos acuosos de Ilex paraguariensis en los niveles plasmáticos de glucosa, lípidos, urea y creatinina en ratas Wistar. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Estudio experimental. Se distribuyeron al azar 20 ratas Wistar en 2 grupos de 10 animales cada uno; el grupo control recibió como bebida agua y el grupo expuesto a yerba recibió como bebida una infusión de Ilex paraguariensis. El periodo de experimentación fue de 60 días, a cuyo término se determinaron las concentraciones plasmáticas de glucosa, colesterol, triglicéridos, urea y creatinina. Las medias de los parámetros fueron comparadas por la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, considerándose significativas las diferencias con p<0,05. RESULTADOS: El consumo de yerba mate disminuyó los niveles de glicemia en el grupo expuesto en comparación con el grupo control, siendo la diferencia altamente significativa (p<0,001). Se observaron niveles significativamente mayores de urea (p=0,04) y creatinina (p=0,02)en el grupo expuesto en comparación con el grupo control. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los niveles de colesterol y triglicéridos entre ambos grupos. DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados sugieren que el consumo de Ilex paraguariensis reduce los niveles plasmáticos de glucosa y podrían poseer un efecto nocivo en la función renal.

INTRODUCTION: yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a plant species native to subtropical regions of South America and is used to make tea in local countries. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of aqueous extracts of Ilex paraguariensis in plasmatic levels of glucose, lipids, urea and creatinine in Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental study. 20 Wistar rats were randomized in two groups of ten animals each: control group received water while the exposed group received an infusion of Ilex paraguariensis. After 60 days of experiment, plasmatic concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides,urea and creatinine were determined. Mann- Whitney U test was used to compare means, differences were considered statistically significant atp <0.05. RESULTS: Blood glucose levels were lower in the exposed group compared with the control group(p <0.001).Plasmatic levels of urea and creatinine were signiticantly higher in the exposed group (p=0.04 and p=0.02 respectively). No significant differences were observed in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides among the groups. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that consumption of Ilex paraguariensis reduces plasma glucose levels and could have an adverse effect on renal function.

Algunos parámetros farmacognósticos de Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. (Asteraceae) endémica de Ecuador / Some pharmacognostic parameters of native Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob. (Asteraceae) from Ecuador

Introducción: Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob., arbusto originario de Sudamérica, crece silvestre en el sur ecuatoriano; los pobladores del cantón Marcabelí, provincia del Oro, la conocen como laritaco y utilizan las cocciones acuosas de las hojas para lavar y cicatrizar las heridas, calmar el dolor de cabeza, como antiinflamatorio, calmar la tos y combatir ciertos tipos de cáncer. Las investigaciones biológicas preliminares realizadas han demostrado una buena actividad antimalárica y antileishmaniasis. No existen, sin embargo, antecedentes de otras investigaciones farmacológicas ni químicas para la especie. Objetivo: determinar los parámetros físico-químicos de calidad de las flores, hojas y ramas de la especie en estado de fructificación, y los metabolitos secundarios presentes en estos órganos vegetales a través del tamizaje fitoquímico. Métodos: la planta se recolectó en estado adulto, en época de floración, los órganos vegetales secados en estufa se molinaron hasta tamaño de partícula 2 mm. Los índices numéricos se determinaron según la norma ramal de salud pública 309 de 1992, y el tamizaje fitoquímico se realizó según metodología analítica de Miranda y Cuéllar. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva básica para determinar el comportamiento estadístico de los datos (medidas de tendencia central y dispersión). Para obtener diferencias estadísticas significativas, se utilizó el análisis de varianza y la prueba a posteriori de Tukey. Se usó el análisis multivariado de componentes principales para determinar, a través de un biplot, las relaciones multivariadas entre los parámetros de estudio. Para este análisis se usó la versión 2010 de InfoStat Softwware, del Grupo InfoStat FCA, de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias significativas para algunos índices numéricos y en los resultados del tamizaje fitoquímico entre los diferentes órganos vegetativos

Introduction: Vernonanthura patens (Kunth) H. Rob., a native shrub from South America, grows wild in southern Ecuador. The people of Canton Marcabelí, El Oro province, know it as laritaco and use aqueous brews of the leaves to wash and heal wounds, to soothe headaches, to reduce inflammation, to soothe coughs and to combat certain types of cancer. Preliminary biological research studies have shown good antimalarial and antileishmanial activity. However, there is no history of other pharmacological or chemical studies about the species. Objective: to determine the quality parameters of the flowers, leaves and branches of the species in the fructification stage as well as to determine the secondary metabolites present through the phytochemical screening. Methods: the plant was harvested in mature state, at time of flowering; the parts of the plant were dried in an oven and then milled to 2 mm particle size. The indexes were determined according to NRSP 309, 1992 and phytochemical screening was performed according to Miranda and Cuellar's analytical methodology 2000. Basic summary statistics was used to determine the statistical data behavior (measures of central tendency and dispersion). To obtain significant statistical differences, the variance analysis and Tukey post-test were used. The multivariate analysis of main components served to determine, through a biplot, the multivariate relationships among the study parameters. For this analysis, the 2010 InfoStat Software version of Group InfoStat FCA, National University of Cordoba, Argentina was the choice. Results: significant differences were found for some numeric indexes and in the results of phytochemical screening among the different vegetative organs. Conclusions: the flowers generally have a higher percentage of water -and alcohol- soluble substances, less residual moisture and are richer in secondary metabolites than the leaves and the stalks

Efficacy of herbal coded Hepcon on drug induced hepatitis in experimental animals through histopathological and biochemical analysis

Drug-induced liver injury is the leading cause for more than 50 percent of cases of acute liver failure. This study was conducted on herbo-mineral formulation "Hepcon" to evaluate its hepatoprotective effects in drug induced hepatitis in experimental animals. The liver injury was introduced with over dosage of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] and carbon tetrachloride [CCl[4]]. The herbo-mineral formulations "Hepcon" consist of Zingiber officinale, Piprum nigrum, Ammonium chloride and Arsenic trioxide [Hartal warqi]. The aqueous extraction was administered to experimental animals. Thereafter their LFTs, IgG, and tissue pathology was studied. It was observed on the basis of biochemical and histopathological analysis that animals which were subjected to Hepcon became normal in 60 days whereas those as control group did not showed improvements and most of them died. It was concluded that the efficacy of Hepcon to treat liver injury caused by CCl[4] and NSAIDs is very effective, and no side effects were noticed

Isolated aorta model and its contribution to phytopharmacology / Modelo de aorta aislada y su contribución a la fitofarmacología

Since the early 50's until now the isolated thoracic aorta has been a traditional and productive model for pharmacological studies. This experimental model has been closely related to Doctor Robert Furchgott's research. The discovery of the role of endothelium in the vasorelaxation induced by acetylcholine (ACh), represented a milestone in biological sciences and also had an important consequence on the isolated aorta preparation. In this work, we describe the isolated aorta technique and the improvements made in Doctor Penna's laboratory at Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, as well as the Mexican contribution. Since endothelium plays a key role on vascular relaxation and its dysfunction is one of first indicators (biomarker) of cardiovascular diseases, the isolated aorta model is a valuable preparation. Considering the great amount of phytochemical present in many natural sources, like vegetables, fruits and medinal plants, we expect this model to continue delivering significant contributions to the knowledge in pharmacology and phytopharmacology.

Desde principios de los años 50 hasta ahora la aorta torácica aislada ha sido un modelo tradicional y productivo para estudios farmacológicos. Este modelo experimental ha estado estrechamente relacionado con la investigación realizada por el Doctor Robert Furchgott. El descubrimiento de la función del endotelio en la vasodilatación inducida por la acetilcolina (ACh), representó un hito en las ciencias biológicas y también tuvo una consecuencia importante en la preparación de aorta aislada. En este trabajo se describe la técnica de aorta aislada y las mejoras realizadas en el laboratorio del Doctor Penna en la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, así como la contribución de investigadores mexicanos. Puesto que el endotelio juega un papel clave en la relajación vascular y su disfunción es uno de los primeros indicadores (biomarcadores) de enfermedad cardiovascular, el modelo de aorta aislada es una valiosa preparación. Teniendo en cuenta la gran cantidad de fitoquímicos presentes en muchas fuentes naturales como verduras, frutas y plantas medicinales, podemos esperar que este modelo continúe entregando importantes aportes al conocimiento en farmacología y fitofarmacología.

Effect of experimental Ricinus communis solution for denture cleaning on the properties of acrylic resin teeth

This study evaluated Knoop hardness, surface roughness and color alteration of artificial teeth for dentures after immersion in water, 1 percent sodium hypochlorite and an experimental solution of 2 percent Ricinus communis (RC). Thirty specimens of Vipi, Biolux and Trilux were analyzed. Tests of Knoop hardness, surface roughness and color alteration were conducted immediately after specimen preparation (T0) and after two immersion protocols for 15 days (ΔT15) and 183 days (ΔT183). Data variation (ΔT) were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). At ΔT15, Vipi presented hardness increase and Biolux presented the highest variation (p=0.01). RC caused the highest increase in hardness (p=0) and the lowest increase (p=0.005) in roughness. Biolux presented the lowest color alteration (p =0). At ΔT183, Trilux underwent the highest hardness variation (p=0). Biolux presented an increase in roughness (p=0). There was no significant differences in color alteration among the artificial teeth (p=0.06) and among solutions (p=0.08) after 183 days of immersion. All solutions (distilled water, 1 percent sodium hypochlorite and 2 percent RC) caused alterations on the analyzed properties. Both immersion protocols caused alterations on the analyzed properties.

Este estudo avaliou a dureza Knoop, rugosidade e alteração de cor de dentes artificiais após imersão em água, hipoclorito de sódio 1 por cento e solução de Ricinus communis 2 por cento (RC). Trinta espécimes de dentes das marcas Vipi, Biolux e Trilux foram analisados. Os testes de dureza, rugosidade e alteração de cor foram realizados após a obtenção dos espécimes (T0) e após dois protocolos de imersão nas soluções por 15 dias (Δ15) e 183 dias (Δ183). A variação dos dados (ΔT) foi submetida à ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Em ΔT15, Vipi apresentou aumento da dureza e Biolux, a maior variação (p =0,01). RC causou o maior aumento na dureza (p=0). RC causou o menor aumento na rugosidade (p=0,005). Biolux apresentou a menor alteração de cor (p=0). Em ΔT183, Trilux apresentou a maior variação na dureza. (p=0). Biolux apresentou aumento na rugosidade (p=0). Não houve diferença significante na alteração de cor entre dentes (p=0,06) e entre soluções (p=0,08) após 183 dias de imersão. Todas as soluções (água destilada, hipoclorito de sódio 1 por cento e RC) causaram alterações nas propriedades analisadas. Ambos os protocolos de imersão causaram alterações nas propriedades analisadas.

Laboratorial evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of herbal dentifrices commercialized in India / Avaliação laboratorial da eficácia antimicrobiana de dentifrícios herbais comercializados na Índia

Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available herbal dentifrices in comparison with conventional dentifrices against seven oral microbes, namely, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Actinomyces viscosus, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Materials and methods: Antimicrobial properties of dentifrices were evaluated by measuring zone of inhibition at 48h on blood agar plates inoculated with microbial strains, using disc diffusion method. Each dentifrice was tested in 100% and 50% concentration. Sterile distilled water was used as control. One way Analysis of Variance followed by Tukey post hoc was used for multiple group comparisons. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In both, 100% and 50% concentrations maximum zone of inhibition was observed with Smyle™ herbal toothpaste followed by Himalaya herbals™ dental cream. Conclusion: Antimicrobial activity of Smyle™ herbal toothpaste is the best against microorganisms tested in present study.

Objetivo: O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a eficácia antimicrobiana de dentifrícios herbaiscomerciais e convencionais contra sete micro-organismos: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Actinomyces viscosus, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillusacidophilus. Materiais e métodos: Propriedades antimicrobianas dos dentifrícios foram avaliadas a partir damedição da zona de inibição utilizando o método de difusão em disco após 48h em placas de ágar sangue inoculadascom as cepas microbianas. Cada dentifrício foi testado nas concentrações de 100% e 50%. O controleconsistiu em água destilada estéril. As comparações entre grupos foram realizadas por ANOVA a um critério eteste de Tukey post hoc, ambos com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Em ambas as concentrações de100% e 50%, a zona de inibição máxima foi observada para o dentifrício herbal Smyle® seguido do dentifrícioherbal Himalaya herbals®. Conclusões: O dentifrício herbal Smyle® apresentou o melhor resultado contra osmicro-organismos avaliados no presente estudo.